The Athanasian Creed is long and repetitive. Its insistence again and again that God is like this and therefore isn't like that can get a bit boring. It feels like a product of a fastidious age, when people spent far too long defining the finer points of theology and probably didn't spend enough time being 'practical' and perhaps neglected things like 'mission' and 'worship' because they were tied up credalising (not a real word).
In fact the point is simple, and highlights the major blind spot of our own age. God really exists, and because he really exists (rather than being a construct of a human mind), he exists in a particular way. If something is made up, you can think of it in any way you like; if something is real, then unless you conform your thoughts about it to the reality then you simply don't know it.
The God who is has revealed himself as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - the three, and yet still the one God; in fact, the one God just as and only as he is the Three. Insisting that we think of God in this way is simply insisting that we treat God as a real. existing thing. In other words, it is a ridiculous demand if God is made up - and that God is made up is the first article of faith of the modern world.
Sunday, May 22, 2016
Thursday, May 19, 2016
Preaching Eucharistwards
One of the things about Cowley Church Community that I'm really pleased about is the commitment to regularly celebrating Communion together. For us, that means about every other week - which I realise may not seem that regular to folk from some other church traditions! It's also important that our celebrations of Communion are an integral part of our worship - not just an add-on, and not a separate service.
I've found it particularly beneficial in terms of preaching. We don't have an elaborate Communion liturgy, so the transition between the end of the sermon and the distribution of the elements is often not that protracted. So the sermon has to lead naturally into the celebration. That context really brings it home for me whether what I'm preaching is the gospel or not: if it is, the transition will feel smooth and natural and right; if I'm not preaching the gospel, the transition into Communion will feel like a gear change without the clutch. So my sermon prep changes - I'm preaching towards the celebration, towards the commemoration of the cross.
I genuinely can't think of a better way to keep the gospel central in preaching and worship.
I've found it particularly beneficial in terms of preaching. We don't have an elaborate Communion liturgy, so the transition between the end of the sermon and the distribution of the elements is often not that protracted. So the sermon has to lead naturally into the celebration. That context really brings it home for me whether what I'm preaching is the gospel or not: if it is, the transition will feel smooth and natural and right; if I'm not preaching the gospel, the transition into Communion will feel like a gear change without the clutch. So my sermon prep changes - I'm preaching towards the celebration, towards the commemoration of the cross.
I genuinely can't think of a better way to keep the gospel central in preaching and worship.
Tuesday, May 17, 2016
For the sake of life
"The church confesses that it has witnessed the arbitrary use of brutal force, the suffering in body and soul of countless innocent people, that it has witnessed oppression, hatred, and murder without raising its voice for the victims and without finding ways of rushing to help them. It has become guilty of the lives of the weakest and most defenceless brothers and sisters of Jesus Christ."
Thus Bonhoeffer.
And thus the Royal College of Midwives, in response to a BPAS campaign to decriminalise the killing of unborn babies:
"This campaign has the RCM’s full support. The fact that women are still bound by this legislation in the UK will surprise many people. The law should not be potentially criminalising women for their decision. The system should be offering support, treatment and care, not obstacles.
“This is a fundamental issue about equality for women. It is about them having control over their own body and not having their bodies subject to the diktats of others, however well meaning."
The weakest and most defenceless.
Time to raise our voices. Time to find ways of rushing to help.
Thus Bonhoeffer.
And thus the Royal College of Midwives, in response to a BPAS campaign to decriminalise the killing of unborn babies:
"This campaign has the RCM’s full support. The fact that women are still bound by this legislation in the UK will surprise many people. The law should not be potentially criminalising women for their decision. The system should be offering support, treatment and care, not obstacles.
“This is a fundamental issue about equality for women. It is about them having control over their own body and not having their bodies subject to the diktats of others, however well meaning."
The weakest and most defenceless.
Time to raise our voices. Time to find ways of rushing to help.
Monday, May 16, 2016
Reader Response: Ethics (4)
Manuscript four of Bonhoeffer's Ethics is entitled Guilt, Justification, Renewal. This really is a Christian, which is to say a theological, ethics - the good news of Christ is not incidental to the question of what we ought to do (and not do). The important context here is Bonhoeffer's reading of the history of the West.
We begin with Christ: "The issue is the process by which Christ takes form among us." (134) Because that is what is needed in the moral chaos of the collapsed post-Christian West. We need to know "the real, judged, and renewed human being" - but this human being "exists only in the form of Jesus Christ, and therefore in being conformed to Christ" (134). There is no way around Jesus Christ here: to be assumed by Christ in his incarnation; to be judged in Christ at the cross; to be joined with Christ in his resurrection - that is real, judged, renewed humanity, and it is the only way forward.
But as well as being the only way forward, this represents for the wayward West a major turning back - back to its Christian heritage, because back to Christ. And "there is only one way to turn back, and that is acknowledgement of guilt toward Christ" (135). This acknowledgement of guilt is not about confessing our occasional and more-or-less serious failures and declensions, but it is acknowledging our falling away from Christ. That is the miracle - fellowship with Christ, the taking form of Christ among us, happens as we together confess that we have fallen away from this fellowship and this form. This acknowledgement of guilt is based on the gospel - "only on the grace of Christ, because of Christ's reaching out for those who have fallen" (135).
So far, Bonhoeffer is talking about the collective guilt of the West - but where will this confession occur? Only in the church. "It is tautological to say that the church is the place where guilt is acknowledged. If it were otherwise, the church would no longer be the church" (135). The church takes on and confesses not only its own personal and corporate sin and failure, but also the whole falling away of society. The church confesses sin, all sin - "This confession is strictly exclusive in that it takes all guilt upon itself" (136) - yes, all guilt. There is a parallel to the action of Christ here: "Christ conquers us never more strongly than by completely and unconditionally taking on our guilt and declaring it his own, letting us go free. Looking on this grace of Christ frees us completely from looking at the guilt of others and brings Christians to fall on their knees before Christ with the confession: mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa" (136).
Bonhoeffer continues with a series of concrete confessions. One which particularly strikes me is this: "The church confesses that it has coveted security, tranquillity, peace, property, and honor to which it has no claim, and therefore has not bridled human covetousness, but promoted it" (140). Ouch. (See another one here).
Bonhoeffer's notion of original sin plays in here: in confession I acknowledge "my sin as the origin of all sin, as, in the words of the Bible, the sin of Adam" (137). I am guilty of all sin; my sin is the source and original of all evil. I don't look around for the guilty one - I am the man. Therefore I can in all seriousness confess sin and guilt, and thus be justified and renewed through Christ.
This is in the church. Society per se cannot experience this sort of repentance and renewal. "For the church and for individual believers there can only be a full break with guilt and a new beginning, through the gift of forgiveness of sin. But in the historical life of nations there can only be a slow process of healing" (143). Concretely, for the West, this slow process of healing must mean amongst other things "giving space among the nations to the church of Jesus Christ, the origin of all forgiveness, justification, and renewal" (145). This is not an arrogant claim for the church; it is simply a realistic claim if the real, judged, renewed humanity is seen in Christ alone, who takes form in his community.
We begin with Christ: "The issue is the process by which Christ takes form among us." (134) Because that is what is needed in the moral chaos of the collapsed post-Christian West. We need to know "the real, judged, and renewed human being" - but this human being "exists only in the form of Jesus Christ, and therefore in being conformed to Christ" (134). There is no way around Jesus Christ here: to be assumed by Christ in his incarnation; to be judged in Christ at the cross; to be joined with Christ in his resurrection - that is real, judged, renewed humanity, and it is the only way forward.
But as well as being the only way forward, this represents for the wayward West a major turning back - back to its Christian heritage, because back to Christ. And "there is only one way to turn back, and that is acknowledgement of guilt toward Christ" (135). This acknowledgement of guilt is not about confessing our occasional and more-or-less serious failures and declensions, but it is acknowledging our falling away from Christ. That is the miracle - fellowship with Christ, the taking form of Christ among us, happens as we together confess that we have fallen away from this fellowship and this form. This acknowledgement of guilt is based on the gospel - "only on the grace of Christ, because of Christ's reaching out for those who have fallen" (135).
So far, Bonhoeffer is talking about the collective guilt of the West - but where will this confession occur? Only in the church. "It is tautological to say that the church is the place where guilt is acknowledged. If it were otherwise, the church would no longer be the church" (135). The church takes on and confesses not only its own personal and corporate sin and failure, but also the whole falling away of society. The church confesses sin, all sin - "This confession is strictly exclusive in that it takes all guilt upon itself" (136) - yes, all guilt. There is a parallel to the action of Christ here: "Christ conquers us never more strongly than by completely and unconditionally taking on our guilt and declaring it his own, letting us go free. Looking on this grace of Christ frees us completely from looking at the guilt of others and brings Christians to fall on their knees before Christ with the confession: mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa" (136).
Bonhoeffer continues with a series of concrete confessions. One which particularly strikes me is this: "The church confesses that it has coveted security, tranquillity, peace, property, and honor to which it has no claim, and therefore has not bridled human covetousness, but promoted it" (140). Ouch. (See another one here).
Bonhoeffer's notion of original sin plays in here: in confession I acknowledge "my sin as the origin of all sin, as, in the words of the Bible, the sin of Adam" (137). I am guilty of all sin; my sin is the source and original of all evil. I don't look around for the guilty one - I am the man. Therefore I can in all seriousness confess sin and guilt, and thus be justified and renewed through Christ.
This is in the church. Society per se cannot experience this sort of repentance and renewal. "For the church and for individual believers there can only be a full break with guilt and a new beginning, through the gift of forgiveness of sin. But in the historical life of nations there can only be a slow process of healing" (143). Concretely, for the West, this slow process of healing must mean amongst other things "giving space among the nations to the church of Jesus Christ, the origin of all forgiveness, justification, and renewal" (145). This is not an arrogant claim for the church; it is simply a realistic claim if the real, judged, renewed humanity is seen in Christ alone, who takes form in his community.
Monday, May 09, 2016
Reader Response: Ethics (3)
The third manuscript of Bonhoeffer's Ethics is entitled Heritage and Decay. It is worth remembering here that although Bonhoeffer was partly driven by the need to establish the Christian response to the Nazi crisis, he was also looking beyond this: it seems that for him the ultimate defeat of Nazism was an article of faith, and he wanted to think about rebuilding. What would survive, and how would it survive? What would the world look like - especially for the church - after the war? Heritage and Decay in many ways provides the framework for addressing those questions; it is, if you like, a zooming out from the immediate situation to survey the wider crisis of Western civilization.
The manuscript begins controversially - at least, for a modern reader; I am not sure how controversial it would have been in the 1940s. "One can only speak of historical heritage in the Christian West". Why is that? Because other nations have no traditions of their own? Certainly not - indeed, some have much older traditions. But these are bound up with, and tend to revert to, myth. They are about the eternal, the timeless. Only in the incarnation of Christ is history itself guarded against mythologising: because Christian thought "is determined by the entry of God into history at a definite place and time" (104), history itself gains significance, and therefore the present moment gains significance, not being lost in the timeless, but presenting the prospect of present accountability to the God who has claimed history in Jesus.
I think this is distinctively Christian; Bonhoeffer's tying together of 'Christian' and 'Western' strikes me as highly problematic. The problem underlies the whole of this manuscript.
For Bonhoeffer, "the unity of the West is not an idea, but a historical reality whose only foundation is Christ" (109). In so far as this is a historical point, there is some value in it. The heritage of the West is Christianity, whether it likes it or not, and that is a unifying heritage. Bonhoeffer sees the history of the Western world as largely a struggle over that unity - despite the unity itself being a given. The wrestling between Pope and Emperor, or between different Christian nations, takes place within that generally acknowledged unity. The unity collapses at the Reformation - "not that Luther wanted it so" (111). Luther's initial hope was the Pope would submit to Scripture; and then that the Emperor would safeguard the unity of the corpus christianum. Both hopes were dashed, and the church and the world went their own ways. The corpus christianum was shattered, and yet the West in some sense endured.
The more recent history of the West is one of decline. Through a process of secularisation, involving the growing rule of technology, mass movements, and nationalism, the West has rejected its Christian heritage. But it cannot jettison that heritage, or the unity it brings. "The new unity... is Western godlessness" (122). This is not just atheism. It is "a religion of enmity toward God" (122), decisively shaped by its Christian heritage even in its rejection.
"Having lost its unity that was created by the form of Jesus Christ, the West is confronted by nothingness" (127). This is not just a dying civilization; it does not have the feel of a death from 'natural causes'. "Instead, it is again a specifically Western nothingness: a nothingness that is rebellious, violent, anti-God, and anti-human... It is nothingness as God" (128). This is, of course, the language of a man surveying Nazism at the zenith of its power. But is it so different in our more polite age?
"Only two things can prevent the final fall into the abyss: the miracle of a new awakening of faith; and the power which the Bible calls 'the restrainer'... (2 Thess. 2:7)" (131). Bonhoeffer understands the restrainer to be the remaining authority of order within the world, represented imperfectly but nonetheless somewhat effectively by the state. It is fascinating that he could write this in 1941! The Nazi state has not persuaded him of the overall evil of the state; rather the state itself is God's instrument for preservation. Nonetheless, the state can only preserve; it cannot revivify. "The Church has a unique task... The Church must bear witness to Jesus Christ as living lord, and it must do so in a world which has turned away from Christ after knowing him" (132). That makes the Church the bearer of the genuine historical tradition of the West. The world, which has turned to nothingness, does not know what to do with its heritage; the very idea of receiving and passing on has become strange to it. But the church does know.
Still, the church is not interested in just passing on history. Rather, it must preach Christ as the living lord. "The more the church holds to its central message, the more effective it is" (132). Bonhoeffer saw the remaining forces of order in his society beginning to look to the church as an ally - and the church can be an ally in that way. But that is not its central business. It must proclaim Christ. It is "the miracle of a new awakening of faith" that the church looks for amidst a culture bent on annihilation.
The manuscript begins controversially - at least, for a modern reader; I am not sure how controversial it would have been in the 1940s. "One can only speak of historical heritage in the Christian West". Why is that? Because other nations have no traditions of their own? Certainly not - indeed, some have much older traditions. But these are bound up with, and tend to revert to, myth. They are about the eternal, the timeless. Only in the incarnation of Christ is history itself guarded against mythologising: because Christian thought "is determined by the entry of God into history at a definite place and time" (104), history itself gains significance, and therefore the present moment gains significance, not being lost in the timeless, but presenting the prospect of present accountability to the God who has claimed history in Jesus.
I think this is distinctively Christian; Bonhoeffer's tying together of 'Christian' and 'Western' strikes me as highly problematic. The problem underlies the whole of this manuscript.
For Bonhoeffer, "the unity of the West is not an idea, but a historical reality whose only foundation is Christ" (109). In so far as this is a historical point, there is some value in it. The heritage of the West is Christianity, whether it likes it or not, and that is a unifying heritage. Bonhoeffer sees the history of the Western world as largely a struggle over that unity - despite the unity itself being a given. The wrestling between Pope and Emperor, or between different Christian nations, takes place within that generally acknowledged unity. The unity collapses at the Reformation - "not that Luther wanted it so" (111). Luther's initial hope was the Pope would submit to Scripture; and then that the Emperor would safeguard the unity of the corpus christianum. Both hopes were dashed, and the church and the world went their own ways. The corpus christianum was shattered, and yet the West in some sense endured.
The more recent history of the West is one of decline. Through a process of secularisation, involving the growing rule of technology, mass movements, and nationalism, the West has rejected its Christian heritage. But it cannot jettison that heritage, or the unity it brings. "The new unity... is Western godlessness" (122). This is not just atheism. It is "a religion of enmity toward God" (122), decisively shaped by its Christian heritage even in its rejection.
"Having lost its unity that was created by the form of Jesus Christ, the West is confronted by nothingness" (127). This is not just a dying civilization; it does not have the feel of a death from 'natural causes'. "Instead, it is again a specifically Western nothingness: a nothingness that is rebellious, violent, anti-God, and anti-human... It is nothingness as God" (128). This is, of course, the language of a man surveying Nazism at the zenith of its power. But is it so different in our more polite age?
"Only two things can prevent the final fall into the abyss: the miracle of a new awakening of faith; and the power which the Bible calls 'the restrainer'... (2 Thess. 2:7)" (131). Bonhoeffer understands the restrainer to be the remaining authority of order within the world, represented imperfectly but nonetheless somewhat effectively by the state. It is fascinating that he could write this in 1941! The Nazi state has not persuaded him of the overall evil of the state; rather the state itself is God's instrument for preservation. Nonetheless, the state can only preserve; it cannot revivify. "The Church has a unique task... The Church must bear witness to Jesus Christ as living lord, and it must do so in a world which has turned away from Christ after knowing him" (132). That makes the Church the bearer of the genuine historical tradition of the West. The world, which has turned to nothingness, does not know what to do with its heritage; the very idea of receiving and passing on has become strange to it. But the church does know.
Still, the church is not interested in just passing on history. Rather, it must preach Christ as the living lord. "The more the church holds to its central message, the more effective it is" (132). Bonhoeffer saw the remaining forces of order in his society beginning to look to the church as an ally - and the church can be an ally in that way. But that is not its central business. It must proclaim Christ. It is "the miracle of a new awakening of faith" that the church looks for amidst a culture bent on annihilation.
Tuesday, May 03, 2016
Gender issues
This morning I read an article from the BBC about transgender children. This is a very rare phenomenon, but apparently instances are growing very rapidly, which the article attributes to growing social acceptance. There is a lot that could be said about the article - I'd like to deconstruct the idea that people have an internal identity which they need to be allowed to discover, for example - but the bigger question on how my mind is this: how do we, those of us who believe that gender is a good gift, respond to a society that increasingly sees things otherwise? Here are a few of my thoughts this morning, but I can't pretend to have done nearly enough work on the topic. Perhaps you have better thoughts you could share?
Firstly, in terms of our fundamental teaching in churches, we need to present a robust doctrine of creation in the context of the gospel. That gospel context is all important. If we teach creation without the gospel, all we do is hold up an ideal picture of reality which clearly doesn't match our experience of the world or ourselves. In the area of gender specifically, we need to teach that God made gender, and gives it to us as a gift, but also that we, fallen people in a fallen world, do not experience that gift as he intended - and finally, we need to teach that we can look forward to the redemption of gender and our experience of it in the new creation!
Secondly, we need to make sure we teach and model the range of legitimate expressions of gender. We need to avoid taking a particular cultural expression of masculinity (for example) and absolutising it, as if this and only this is the way to be a man. I think a lot of complementarian literature, particularly coming out of the States, falls into this trap.
Thirdly, we need to recognise that gender is a calling as well as a gift and we need to acknowledge that (as with every calling from God) it is not something the individual is meant to work out by themselves. Church communities need to be places where people are able to admit to finding gender a difficult calling, and places where people can ask for, and receive, help. My guess is that quite a lot of us - maybe most of us - find gender difficult in different ways and to a greater or lesser extent, and honesty about this would surely help.
Fourthly, we need to ensure that in our teaching there is no implicit contradiction between a good gift and a cross. The prevailing culture insists that if something feels like death, it must be death - if it feels hard to bear, we shouldn't bear it. The gospel insists that cross-bearing - which is hard, and which feels like death - is part and parcel of the path to real life.
Fifthly, all of this needs to happen in a fellowship of people who believe that Jesus, and Jesus alone, defines who we are. Gender, although important, is not the absolute foundation of our identity, which is found in Christ.
Monday, May 02, 2016
Reader Response: Ethics (2)
The second manuscript of Bonhoeffer's Ethics is entitled Ethics as Formation. Here we go...
"Seldom has a generation been as uninterested as ours in any kind of ethical theory or program" (76). This is not because there are no serious ethical problems, but because we are inundated with ethical problems. (Remember when he is writing!) The sheer volume and intensity of the ethical issues renders ethical reflection very difficult. In more ordered times, one can analyse ethical issues; in times when order is subverted, and "evil appears in the form of light, of beneficence, of faithfulness, of renewal,... of historical necessity, of social justice", "ethical theorists... are blinded" (77).
A catalogue of specific ways in which ethical people fail in the face of evil: reasonable people fail because in their desire to be even-handed and their belief in the essential rationality of the world, they are betrayed, and eventually withdraw in bitterness; fanatics fail because in their desire to tackle evil head on they end up chasing presenting issues instead of seeing the heart of things; people of conscience fail because their over-riding desire to have a good conscience ends with them assuaging their conscience, "until they deceive their own conscience in order not to despair" (79); the way of duty fails because it does not take personal responsibility, and "people of duty must finally fulfil their duty even to the devil" (79); those who value their own freedom to do what is necessary are ultimately liable to fall into choosing the bad simply because it is not the worst, betrayed by their own freedom into aiding and abetting evil; those who seek to escape evil times by their own private virtue fail because they will not take responsible action in the public sphere.
None of this failure is to condemned; it is simply all to human. The only way through is to "keep in sight only the single truth of God" (81), which concretely means Christ. "Only that person is wise who sees reality in God. Knowledge of reality is not just knowing external events, but seeing into the essence of things... Wisdom is recognising the significant within the factual" (81). This must mean Christ, because it is only in Christ that we can consider God and the world together. Everywhere else, to focus on God is to lose the world, and vice versa.
It is only in Jesus Christ as incarnate, crucified and risen that we see God and the world clearly. "The human being accepted, judged, and awakened to new life by God - this is Jesus Christ, this is the whole of humanity in Christ, this is us" (92). It is only the form of humanity presented here which can answer the ethical questions of the world. Ethical formation occurs only as this form of Christ is formed in us. (Note that this is not the imitation of Christ, or indeed any sort of formative programme that springs from us; rather, it is Christ himself, taking his form in us, and thus conforming us to his form). As Christ is the true human, the form of Christ is the true form of humanity.
One implication of this is that the church is at the heart of the ethical question. It is in the church that this form of humanity is accepted. It is valid for all humanity, but only in the church is it actually seen. "'Formation' means, therefore, in the first place Jesus Christ taking form in Christ's church" (96). I might take issue with the language used here (which has it's roots in Sanctorum Communio), but the ethical implications are clear: the church is the one place where the new humanity is already known, because Christ is already known, and therefore it is the one place where there can be a response to the ethical problems of the here and now on the basis of Christ, which is to say on the basis of reality.
A further implication is that ethics cannot be based on eternal principles, or a general definition of the good. Such things inevitably degenerate into "formalism or casuistry". But "while formalism and casuistry proceed from the conflict between the good and the real", i.e. they seek to show how the good can be applied to the real, or how the real can be conformed to the good, and in this way show that the divergence of goodness and reality is their insoluble problem, "the Christian ethic can proceed from the reconciliation of the world with God in the human Jesus Christ" (99-100). The essential question then becomes not 'what is good?, but 'how may we see Christ formed today, in the here and now?'
"Seldom has a generation been as uninterested as ours in any kind of ethical theory or program" (76). This is not because there are no serious ethical problems, but because we are inundated with ethical problems. (Remember when he is writing!) The sheer volume and intensity of the ethical issues renders ethical reflection very difficult. In more ordered times, one can analyse ethical issues; in times when order is subverted, and "evil appears in the form of light, of beneficence, of faithfulness, of renewal,... of historical necessity, of social justice", "ethical theorists... are blinded" (77).
A catalogue of specific ways in which ethical people fail in the face of evil: reasonable people fail because in their desire to be even-handed and their belief in the essential rationality of the world, they are betrayed, and eventually withdraw in bitterness; fanatics fail because in their desire to tackle evil head on they end up chasing presenting issues instead of seeing the heart of things; people of conscience fail because their over-riding desire to have a good conscience ends with them assuaging their conscience, "until they deceive their own conscience in order not to despair" (79); the way of duty fails because it does not take personal responsibility, and "people of duty must finally fulfil their duty even to the devil" (79); those who value their own freedom to do what is necessary are ultimately liable to fall into choosing the bad simply because it is not the worst, betrayed by their own freedom into aiding and abetting evil; those who seek to escape evil times by their own private virtue fail because they will not take responsible action in the public sphere.
None of this failure is to condemned; it is simply all to human. The only way through is to "keep in sight only the single truth of God" (81), which concretely means Christ. "Only that person is wise who sees reality in God. Knowledge of reality is not just knowing external events, but seeing into the essence of things... Wisdom is recognising the significant within the factual" (81). This must mean Christ, because it is only in Christ that we can consider God and the world together. Everywhere else, to focus on God is to lose the world, and vice versa.
It is only in Jesus Christ as incarnate, crucified and risen that we see God and the world clearly. "The human being accepted, judged, and awakened to new life by God - this is Jesus Christ, this is the whole of humanity in Christ, this is us" (92). It is only the form of humanity presented here which can answer the ethical questions of the world. Ethical formation occurs only as this form of Christ is formed in us. (Note that this is not the imitation of Christ, or indeed any sort of formative programme that springs from us; rather, it is Christ himself, taking his form in us, and thus conforming us to his form). As Christ is the true human, the form of Christ is the true form of humanity.
One implication of this is that the church is at the heart of the ethical question. It is in the church that this form of humanity is accepted. It is valid for all humanity, but only in the church is it actually seen. "'Formation' means, therefore, in the first place Jesus Christ taking form in Christ's church" (96). I might take issue with the language used here (which has it's roots in Sanctorum Communio), but the ethical implications are clear: the church is the one place where the new humanity is already known, because Christ is already known, and therefore it is the one place where there can be a response to the ethical problems of the here and now on the basis of Christ, which is to say on the basis of reality.
A further implication is that ethics cannot be based on eternal principles, or a general definition of the good. Such things inevitably degenerate into "formalism or casuistry". But "while formalism and casuistry proceed from the conflict between the good and the real", i.e. they seek to show how the good can be applied to the real, or how the real can be conformed to the good, and in this way show that the divergence of goodness and reality is their insoluble problem, "the Christian ethic can proceed from the reconciliation of the world with God in the human Jesus Christ" (99-100). The essential question then becomes not 'what is good?, but 'how may we see Christ formed today, in the here and now?'
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